Two hard gates dominate: (1) policy
permissioning (U.S.
export controls and China-side enforcement) that can abruptly shrink reachable demand and (2) physical throughput constraints (
advanced packaging, memory, power/cooling commissioning) that can cap shipments. Secondary risks are
hyperscaler substitution via
custom chips, a faster shift to cost-optimized inference, and valuation fragility after any guide/margin wobble.